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It will make you paranoid at a few moments and then numb your thoughts for seconds. Emma, Josh, and jay asher are the well-known characters of this novel. All the characters of the novel entertain the reader from beginning to end.
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Reviewed by: The Future of Us Kate Quealy-Gainer Asher, Jay . The Future of Us; by Jay Asher and Carolyn Mackler. Razorbill, 2011. [368p]. ISBN 978-1-59514-491-1 $18.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 7-10. As a teenager in 1996, Emma is only just beginning to grasp the concept of the internet, so when some recently downloaded software opens up a site called Facebook, she's taken aback. Initially she thinks the site, which contains a lot of her personal info and apparently originates some fifteen years in the future, must be a prank, but as she delves deeper, she becomes less certain. Panicking, she calls her neighbor and former best pal Josh (a recent awkward romantic encounter ended their nearly lifelong friendship) to take a look. The two become increasingly convinced of the site's authenticity, especially when they realize that decisions they're making today affect the statuses (literally) of their pages in the future. The knowledge of the future leads to some pretty serious ethical dilemmas, however (does Emma tell her best girl friend that she gets knocked up in the next year?), and soon Emma and Josh's obsession with the site is wreaking havoc on their contemporary lives. Asher and Mackler each have YA name recognition in their own right, and this book demonstrates why. Despite a premise that could easily go awry and a plot that has little to no real action, the sparkling characterizations of Emma and Josh will immediately appeal to teens. Both are capable of petulance as well as compassion, and their banter is witty even as it's laced with underlying meaning. Though [End Page 191] the details of the '90s are a little over-kitschy at times, this capably demonstrates that the future is fascinating even after it becomes somebody else's present.
This state of affairs spurred us to launch AI Policy Futures, a research and public engagement project addressing the challenge of how storytelling can enhance policy deliberations and public dialog about how we define, regulate, and assess artificial intelligence technologies. Working in collaboration between the Center for Science and the Imagination (CSI) at Arizona State University and the Open Technology Institute at New America, we spent 18 months studying the intersection of science fiction and AI policy through a combination of quantitative, qualitative, and creative methods.Footnote 1 Our research goal was to explore the full spectrum of AI narratives in science fiction, to identify ideas that might have been overlooked or underestimated with respect to the near-future emergence of AI technologies, and to create a taxonomy of different configurations of possible AI futures. These themes and the taxonomy served as a guide for commissioning new works of science fiction and fostering a grounded dialog between the technology policy and science fiction communities, using compelling stories of the near future as a form of speculative anticipatory governance (Guston 2013).
The sci-fi AI imaginary has also been elucidated by research at the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence at the University of Cambridge. In a paper published by Nature Machine Intelligence, Kanta Dihal (another member of our advisory board) and her colleagues laid out four pairs of linked hopes and fears for the future of AI (Cave and Dihal 2019). The four dichotomies were: immortality and inhumanity, ease and obsolescence, gratification and alienation, dominance and uprising. The Leverhulme Centre has also been advancing a set of Global AI initiatives, identifying a multitude of cultural frames through which different populations interpret and govern AI.
Both of these projects identified the challenges of mapping the AI imaginary and provided valuable framing for our own taxonomical approach. This prior work also highlighted our collective tendency to focus on the long-term destiny of the technological project of machine intelligence, and thereby lose track of the social, economic, and political impacts of AI as it exists already. Our own effort attempted to focus squarely on this near-term future. We engaged technologists, policy experts, science fiction writers, and researchers in an effort to see and think critically about the AI imaginary.
We also chose to limit our analysis to short stories published in the twenty-first century. As we have discussed in this paper, artificial intelligence has been a subject of science fiction for decades, even centuries. This was again an effort to limit the amount of content we would need to examine, but also to focus on fiction produced during a time when most of the population was engaging regularly with computers and algorithms. Were our familiar ideas about killer robots, et cetera, an artifact of science fiction from the mid-twentieth century, or had they found fresh purchase in our contemporary imaginary? How did the proliferation of digital technologies shape science fiction notions and expectations about AI? We believe these questions are central to an examination of the near future of AI policy, and is best addressed by keeping our focus on contemporary, as opposed to classic, stories.
After finalizing a coding structure and set of questions, each story in our corpus was read and analyzed by two coders who had not been involved in developing the previous iterations of the codebook. Where there was disagreement about a rating, a third researcher would read the story and break the tie. We found a great deal of disagreement in these ratings by all three coders. We were applying difficult questions to literary works that are deliberately nuanced, even ambiguous, in their themes, their descriptions, and their imagined futures. These disagreements would be problematic if our goal was to create a generalized taxonomy using a small set of sample data; in this case, however, we were attempting to understand the characteristics of a data set (contemporary, widely read, short-form science fiction) using an extensive sample of that data. As we discuss below, the ambiguity was an important feature of the data set, revealed through our efforts at taxonomizing it. This highlighted how challenging it is to meaningfully discuss AI in a nontechnical way, both because the definitions are slippery, as discussed above, and because AI encompasses so many different kinds of technologies, both in science fiction and in the real world. Despite these challenges, we believe that our analysis offers useful insights into the current state of the policy/sci-fi intersection that suggest a path forward for the AI imaginary.
Yet those pop narratives have shaped public and industry discourse around AI. Prominent commentators on the future, such as Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk, have warned of an AI takeover as a consequence of tech advancement. Such narratives come with a sense of inevitability that does not leave room for public choices about technology. An imaginary built around time-traveling killer robots occludes the messier quandaries of real machine intelligence as it is being implemented today, such as privacy, consent, and bias. Our collective fixation on the anthropomorphic destiny of AI also makes it hard for the public to recognize the real promise of AI technologies to do good. We need a more nuanced conversation that explores a broader range of possible AI morphologies and cultural roles, and how such systems might positively impact society.
There have long been bridges between the imaginaries of science fiction and technology policy, but deliberately combining perspectives and methods from both of these worlds could lead to richer and more nuanced policy deliberations that are also more accessible and engaging to the public. Looking forward, we hope both to advance this work in the field of AI and to continue developing the methodologies piloted here to span science fiction and technology policy in other arenas. Other rapidly evolving fields like synthetic biology are haunted by their own short lists of ghost stories and nightmare scenarios, and would benefit from grounded explorations of the near future.
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